Citations

Annotated Bibliography

1. The Media Market and Media Ownership in Post-Communist Ukraine
Ryabinska, Natalya. "The Media Market And Media Ownership In Post-Communist Ukraine." Problems Of Post-Communism 58.6 (2011): 3-20. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

This article is by Natalya Rabinska, assistant professor at the University of Euroregional Economy in Jozefow, Poland. In it, she looks at the obstacles preventing a true freedom of the press in Ukraine. A large portion of Ukrainian media is privatized; however, there are still a number of factors that influence media content and coverage. According to Rabinska, chief among the factors is the concentrated ownership of media companies by industrial oligarchs that use media as a way to gain political favor. Their ownership is “external,” meaning they are more interested in other industries, such as steel, coal, or banking. Rabinska says that Ukrainian media is also the victim of little available advertising revenue and ambiguous laws.
The article is helpful in providing an overview of the obstacles facing the media industry in Ukraine. Rabinska spends most of her time highlighting the things that are wrong with the Ukrainian media system, as opposed to the things that are working well. This article is important for understanding where bias can come from in Ukrainian media.

2. Symbolic Bilingualism in Contemporary Ukrainian Media
Nedashkivska, Alla. "Symbolic Bilingualism In Contemporary Ukrainian Media." Canadian Slavonic Papers 52.3/4 (2010): 351-372. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

This article is by Alla Nedashkivska, taken from the publication Canadian Slavonic Papers. In it, Nedashkivska examines how the culture of bilingualism in Ukraine is portrayed in popular media, including film, TV, and magazines. Both Ukrainian and Russian are spoken in Ukrain, and according to Nedashkivska, the use of a particular language has social implications. Geography and business are two things that determine which language is used. In this article, Nedashkivska argues that the media put Ukrainian and Russian side by side to suggest that the two languages peacefully coexist in society, and downplays the rivalry between the two. This is an idealized notion of bilingualism, which avoids the reality of actual language conflicts in Ukraine
This article is helpful to give an idea of the role language plays in Ukrainian culture, and the way the media attempt to influence this role. In the article, Nedashkivska only discusses forms of media that portray the two languages peaceably side by side; there is no example of a solely Ukrainian or solely Russian publication. Based upon the framing of this article, I would think that almost all popular Ukrainian media platforms utilize both Russian and Ukrainian.

3. Information- Culture Styles in Russian and Ukraine
Kostenk, N. V. "Information-Culture Styles In Russia And Ukraine." Sociological Research 50.4 (2011): 57-86. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

This article is by N.V. Kostenko, published by the Sociological Research journal. In it, Kostenko studies the media consumption styles in Ukraine and Russia, and compares these habits to the trends in the remainder of Europe. Kostenko uses an enormous amount of statistics and graphs to back up his claim that Ukraine is predominantly a Visual media culture. Television remains the leading conduit of information, and it is the most popular medium in Ukraine. This reflects an overall trend in Ukraine of reliance on the traditional media forms of print, radio, and television. Newer media forms still have yet to gain popularity. In fact, as of 2007, 94% of the adult population said they do not use the internet. Kostenk says that because of this fact, the internet plays almost no role in organizing public and social communication. Instead, he says that Ukrainian media consumption is primarily traditional.
This article is useful because it provides a very clear picture of the trends of media use in Ukraine. It provides a platform to better understand the way Ukrainian media preference affects media consumption, laws, and new developments. One thing to be aware is although the article was published in 2011, much of Kostenk’s data comes from 2006-7. It is still useful for describing trends, but it would be worth updating his data if I use specific figures.

4. The media, history, and identity: competing narratives of the past in the Ukrainian popular press
Kulyk, Volodymyr. "The Media, History And Identity: Competing Narratives Of The Past In The Ukrainian Popular Press." National Identities 13.3 (2011): 287-303. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

This article is by Volodymyr Kulyk, published by National Identities in 2011. In it, Kulyk argues that the way that media represent a country and its people, particularly in history, helps to form a sense of national identity. According to Kulyk, Ukraine is an especially important case because of its past ties to the Soviet Union. Today, the eastern and southern sections of the country tend to align themselves with a Soviet/Russian narrative of history. The western part of the country tends to have a stronger sense of nationalism, and follows a nationalist narrative of history that heavily supports the Ukrainian battle for independence. Kulyk uses three different newspapers to illustrate the differences in these historical narratives and ideologies. One is based in the west of Ukraine, supports the nationalist perspective, and prints in Ukrainian. The other two (one locally focues, the other nationally) are based in the southeast, near the capital, follow the Soviet narrative, and print in Russian.
This article is useful because it provides a well-researched, well-supported look at the way Ukrainian media influence the citizens’ sense of identity, history, and culture. It also addresses the tension between the western and eastern part of the country, illustrated by different narratives of history as well as different languages. It is important to remember that this article only focuses on newspapers, and leaves out media such as magazines, television, and radio.

5. Ukraine’s Constitutional ‘Saga’: Ukrainian Media Reflections of the Constitutional Process
Chaban, Natalia, and Vlad Vernygora. "Ukraine's Constitutional 'Saga': Ukrainian Media Reflections Of The Constitutional Process." TRAMES: A Journal Of The Humanities & Social Sciences 14.3 (2010): 227-249. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

This article is by authors Natalia Chaban and Clad Vernygora, from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. In it, the authors examine the way Ukraine’s 14-year long Constitutional process was portrayed by the media, focusing particularly on the national weekly the Dzerkalo Tyznja. The authors argue that the paper’s use of metaphor was vital in helping Ukrainian citizens to understand the dramatic development of the Constitution. At different points in the “saga,” the paper compared the process to a war, a game, criminal activity, an illness, journey, and stage performance. Each of these metaphors framed the process differently, but the authors point out that the impression given was generally negative. They commend the paper for its use of metaphor, claiming that it was necessary to help citizens understand situations they weren’t familiar with, and to raise public awareness.
This article is useful because it provides an example of the way in which the Ukrainian media worked for the people, instead of for the politicians. It stresses the importance of the media as an intermediary of information between politicians and the public. It also points out the way different metaphors “framed” the news in different ways, which reminds of the power of media to shape perspective. One weakness is that the article only uses one Ukrainian publication as a source, a very limited view.

6. Gender Mainstreaming in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Application and Adaptability
Hankivsky, Olena, and Anastasiya Salnykova. "Gender Mainstreaming In Post-Soviet Ukraine: Application And Applicability." Journal Of Communist Studies & Transition Politics 26.3 (2010): 315-340. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

This article is by authors Olena Hankivsky and Anastasiya Salnykova, published in the Journal of Communist Studies and Transitional Politics in 2010. In it, they examine the current situation of gender equality in Ukrainian policy and politics. The authors argue that there is currently a struggle for gender equality in Ukraine, largely owing to a lack of education about the topic in civil and political spheres. The media help to perpetuate “harmful” stereotypes about women and gender, particularly in magazines and pro-Russian television channels. The stereotypes reflect the attitudes of power-holders, and according to the authors, must be combatted through comprehensive gender equality education.
This source is useful to me because it describes another cultural issue that the media impact in Ukraine. While it is important to recognize, specific information and examples on the media’s involvement is not included. This source is limited because it seems to be one sided; there are almost no positive examples of gender equality in Ukrainian politics of society.

7. Anti-Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian Memory
Marples, David R. "Anti-Soviet Partisans And Ukrainian Memory." East European Politics & Societies 24.1 (2010): 26-43. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

This article is by David R. Marples, from the University of Alberta in Canada, published in 2010. In it, Marples presents an in-depth analysis of the way in which the historical narrative of the Ukrainian independence movement is shifting. He uses the portrayal of the OUN and UPA insurgent groups in mass media, particularly books, to demonstrate a movement away from the Soviet narrative. Marples argues the media are helping to create a new, nationalist narrative of Ukraine’s independence. This narrative is more prevalent in the West than in the East, and was promoted by then-president, Viktor Yushchenko.
This source is useful to me because it provides further detail on an aspect of Ukraine’s developing national identity. It recognizes the media’s role in defining national identity, and this source is unique because it cites books and textbooks as major contributors. This source is limited because it devotes a majority of space to pure historical analysis, something that I’m not as concerned with. It also fails to provide specific dates for the media examples used.

8. Comparative Media Systems (book)
Chapter: Public Service Broadcasting in Ukraine: To Be or Not to Be? (pg. 115-126)
Dobek-Ostrowska, Bogusława. "Public Service Broadcasting in Ukraine: To Be or Not to Be?" Comparative Media Systems: European and Global Perspectives. Budapest: Central European UP, 2010. 115-26. Online.

This chapter is written by author Olexiy Khabyuk, part of the book Comparative Media Systems, published in 2010. In it, Khabyuk discusses whether Ukraine is prepared to form and support a Public Broadcasting Service. After listing a number of general criteria that must be met before forming such a program, Khabyuk concluded that public broadcasting is still a distant aim for Ukraine. It does not have the economic climate to support the program, and the country has still not reached a state of “civil society,” in part because it is still divided between pro-Soviet and pro-European Ukrainians. Politically, Ukraine has taken some steps towards the formation, but still lacks the understanding and agreement necessary to follow through.
This chapter is useful because it provides a picture of the challenges facing Ukrainian state media. It is yet another example of the obstacles that Ukraine faces in becoming a developed nation, particularly from a media aspect. This chapter is limited because it only looks at Ukrainian society, politics, and media through a narrow view. Public broadcasting and state media are only one part of the organizations that make up Ukraine’s media environment.

9. How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy (book; various pages)
Åslund, Anders. How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009. Print.

This book is written by Anders Aslund, and was published in 2009 by the Peterson Institutde for International Economics. In it, Aslund presents an in depth summary and analysis of the events in Ukraine’s recent history (1991-2008) that have resulted in what Aslund says is a free market economy and newborn democracy.
The book is specifically useful for me because it includes a limited description of the role that media played in the country’s development, as well as how media freedom has developed since Ukraine’s independence in 1991. Aslund claims that post- Orange Revolution, the freedoms of media, expression, and assembly have finally been respected. While the book does contain some useful information, Aslund’s focus is primarily on the economic development of Ukraine. He mentions the media intermittently throughout the book.

10. Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe (book)
Chapter: Ukraine’s Changing Communicative Space
Dyczok, Marta. "Ukraine’s Changing Communicative Space." Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe. Ed. Larisa Onyshkevych and Maria Rewakowicz. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2009. Online.

This book is by editors Larissa Onyshkevych and Maria Rewakowicz, published by M.E. Sharpe Inc. in 2009. For my purposes, I looked at the chapter on Ukraine’s “communicative space,” specifically, how Ukrainian media reflects the shifts in cultural identity that are taking place now that Ukraine is no longer a part of Russia. The editors argue that the mass media illustrates the changes and conflicts of identity that are currently taking place in Ukraine. According to them, Ukraine is caught between a movement away from Russia and towards identification with Europe and the West, and surviving ties to the Soviet Union through holidays and style. The editors use three examples from the spring of 2007 to support their claims.
This book is useful for me because it reinforces the idea that Ukraine is caught in an identity crisis influenced by a Soviet past and a desire to align with Europe. The media reflect this sentiment. It also gives a summary of the founding and bias of three of Ukraine’s leading TV stations: Studio 1+1, INTER, and UT-1, and briefly mentions the emergence of the internet as a medium. This source is limited because some of the examples are dated, and it primarily relies upon 2007 for examples.

11. Russia and Ukraine: Media Literacy Education Approaches
Fedorov, Alexander V. "Russia and Ukraine: Media Literacy Education Approaches." European Researcher 30.9-3 (2012): 1566-578. European Researcher. 2012. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.
This article is by Alexander Fedorov, published in the journal European Researcher in 2012. In it, Fedorov compares the recent history, developments, and approaches to media education in Ukraine and Russia. He gives an overview of the methods and philosophy used by media educators in both countries, and he provides a table that compares a variety of elements in each country’s media education system. Fedorov concludes that media education in Ukraine lags behind Russia in a number of ways, especially in media literacy research. He says that although Ukrainian media education is still underdeveloped, there is reason to expect improvement in the future.
This article is useful for me because it provides a great summary of the media education system in Ukraine. Not only does it cover the development of media education into the current “protective” model, but also outlines the reasons why Ukraine lags behind other countries in the media education sphere. Fedorov uses a large number of media scholars and educators to back up the claims made in his article. This source is limited because it is a relatively brief overview. Federov focuses primarily on the recent past, and writes very little about expectations for the future of media education in Ukraine and Russia.

Other Sources

12. Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe (book)
Chapter: Ukraine’s Road to Europe
Lami, Giulia. "Ukraine’s Road to Europe." Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe. Ed. Larisa Onyshkevych and Maria Rewakowicz. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2009. Online.

13. Ukraine’s International Image: Expert Opinion
Chaly, Valeriy. "Ukraine's International Image: Expert Opinion." National Security and Defence Magazine 1.3 (2000): 45-52. Razumcov Centre, 2000. Web. <http://www.razumkov.org.ua/additional/article_chaly_NSD3_eng.pdf>.

13. Ukrainian Media Landscape
Ivanov, Valery, Tatiana Kotyuzhynska, Volodymyr Yermolenko, Oleg Chomenok, Vitaliy Moroz, Oksana Voloshenuk, and Andriy Kulakov. Ukrainian Media Landscape- 2010. Publication no. 18. KAS Policy Paper, 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/d-ua/dv/dua_20111107_08_/dua_20111107_08_en.pdf>.

14. Status of Media in Ukraine
Lamay, Craig. "Status of Media in Ukraine." Encyclopedia of Internation Media and Communications. 2003. Online.

15. Statesman’s Yearbook
Ukraine. The Statesman's Yearbook. Ed. Barry Turner. 2012 ed. London: Macmillan, 2011. Print.

16. Contemporary Ukraine on the Cultural Map of Europe (book)
Chapter: The Status of Religion in Ukraine in Relation to European Standards
Sorokowski, Andrew. "Ukraine’s Road to Europe." The Status of Religion in Ukraine in Relation to European Standards. Ed. Larisa Onyshkevych and Maria Rewakowicz. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2009. Online.