Classics/History 112A: THE HISTORY OF GREECE

Fall Semester 2009 [TTH 10:00 - 11 :40]                                                               Office Hours MWF 3:00 -4:00; TTH

Office: Saint Edmund Hall 245; X2250                                                                  1 :00 - 2:00 + mutual convenience

J.P. Conley

{e-mail: jconley@smcvt.edu}

Text Box: If the Westerner of today studies Hellenic civilization historically, he/she enters into possession of the mental wealth civilization and makes it an integral part of his/her own. As a matter of fact, Western civilization has formed itself by doing exactly this, by reconstructing within its own mind the mind of the Hellenic world and developing the wealth of that mind in new directions. Thus Western civilization is not related to Hellenic in any merely external way. The relation is an internal one. Western civilization expresses, and indeed achieves, its individuality not by distinguishing itself from Hellenic civilization but by identifying itself therewith .... Historical knowledge is the knowledge of what mind has done in the past, and at the same time it is the redoing of this, the perpetuation of past acts in the present. Its object is therefore not a mere object, something outside the mind which knows it; it is an activity of thought, which can be known only insofar as the knowing mind re-enacts it and knows itself as so doing. To the historian, the activities whose history he/she is studying are not spectacles to be watched, but experiences to be lived through in his/her own mind; they are objective, or known to him/her only because they are also subjective, or activities of his/her own. [R.G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, p.163,21B] Text Box: We are things of a day. What are we? What are we not? The shadow of a dream are we, no more. But when the brightness comes, and God gives it, there is shining of light on all, and all life is sweet. [Pindar, Pythian viii (trans. lattimore) revised, w.95-97]


Text Box: The Greeks alone have true history. The Oriental has genealogical lists or legendary tales, the Northerner has sagas, other nations have songs. The Greek, in course of time, built out of traditions, songs, legends and genealogical tables the sound body of a narrative which is alive in all its limbs. [Herder's Sammtliche Werke, ed. Suphan, XIV, 132]  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I.  Scope and Procedure

 

Our collective goal should be that of the eminent historian of antiquity, Oswyn Murray: ".,.to demonstrate that history is not a fixed narrative of fads, but a continuing effort to understand the past and the interconnections between events." (Early Greece2, 2). This course, "The History of Greece" is devoted to a study of the political, social, economic, and intellectual history of ancient Hellas from the Bronze Age "beginnings" of the Minoan-­Mycenaean era to the artistic world of Alexander of Macedon and beyond. Ancillary in importance but earlier in historical occurrence are the cultures of the Mediterranean and Aegean world whose impact on the later Hellenic viewpoint was of no little significance. By referring via rapid overview to what is, in effect, Mediterranean pre-history, some notion of the methods of discovery of artifacts, development of hypotheses, and dating of these finds amid their surroundings can be considered.

Historians of Hellenic or Greek Art often divide their consideration into a simple triad for a particular period, “Early," "'Middle," and "Late", To apply this structure to historical chronology yields this three-fold division:

 

a)      "Early" Hellenic History: From the legendary beginnings of the Minoan World to the development of the Hellenic Polis (=ca. 2000 BC - 900 BC);

b)      "Middle" Hellenic History: The Archaic and Classical Worlds (= 776 - 400 BC);

c)      "late" Hellenic History: Events and ideas from the fourth century through Phillip and Alexander and their successors down through the period of Roman military conquest of Greece (= 400 - 30 BC).

But, recall this interesting caveat about chronology:

I give ... the chronological table ... based mainly on the changes in pottery, which, in the absence of written records that we can decipher, is the safest criterion of date. But it must always be remembered that the periods are not separate watertight compartments,' they often slide imperceptibly,one into the next. It is not reported that Minos declared,

'I'm tired of Middle Minoan III, let Late Minoan I begin.'

J.D.S. Pendlebury, A Handbook to the Palace of Minos at Knossos, 1933

 

                In conjunction with a series of« topics for consideration, » lectures, readings,

and discussions will deal with various aspects. of the evolution of Hellenic society. A basic method of maintaining contact with our class activity is to compose for each session a connective link to our work, an "A-A Note," in which energy is expended in the creation of an Animadversion and an Annotation representing in typed form a small paragraph of personal reaction. These continuing efforts should stimulate and inspire one to accept with readiness the challenges of a mid-semester examination [October 20] and a final examination [December 15]. A research paper is required as an opportunity for an individual expansion of the scope of our efforts [due on November 24]. Additional times for self-expression are offered in frequent in-class writing assignments.

 

II.  Basic Texts [in the most useful edition and in order of appearance]

 

Chadwick, John. The Decipherment of Linear B.  [Second edition/”Canto

            Edition”]  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958, 1992

            [reprint].     [ISBN 521-39830-4 (pbk)]

 

Finley, [Sir] M[oses] I. Finley.  The World of Odysseus.  Introduction by

            Bernard Knox.  New York: New York Review Books, 1987, 2002.

            [ISBN 1-59017-017-2]

              

Herodotus. The Histories. Translated by Aubrey de Selincourt; Revised with Introduction and Notes by John Marincola. [“Penguin

       Classics”]  New York: Penguin Books, 2003. [ISBN 978-0-140-44908-2]

 

Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Rex Warner with an Introduction and Notes by M. I. Finley. [“Penguin Classics”]  New York: Penguin Books, 1972 [1984]. [ISBN 978-0-14-044039-3]

 

Xenophon.  The Persian Expedition.  Translated by Rex Warner. With

                an Introduction and Notes by George Cawkwell.  [“Penguin

                Classics”]  New York: Penguin Books, 1972.

                [ISBN 978-0-14-044007-2]

 

Plutarch. The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives. [= Agesilaus, Pelopidas, Dion, Timolion, Demosthenes, Phocion, Alexander, Demetrius, Pyrrhusj. Translated and annotated by Ian Scott-Kilvert .. Introduction by G. T. Griffith.  [“Penguin

       Classics”]  New York: Penguin Books, 1973 .. [ISBN  978-0-14-044286-1]

 

Havelock, Christine Mitchell. Hellenistic Art: The Art of the Classical World from the Death of Alexander the Great to the Battle of Actium. Revised edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1981 [ISBN 0-393-95133-2]

III.  Research Paper
               
                A research paper, typed and double-spaced, up to ten pages in length, is an integral part of the learning process offered here. Each student's own interests and consultation with the instructor should help to determine the topic. Incremental composition should be invoked: initial bibliography, consultation, rough drafts, "process" as well as "product." For format, follow a standard style-sheet. Notes may either be at the bottom of each page (foot-) or gathered at the end (endnotes). Include a bibliography of relevant books and articles consulted. The level of research should indicate intelligent use of a number of and a variety of sources, personal study and thought, and clear synthesis of viewpoints considered.  Document statements through authorities.  Individual discussions with the instructor will allow each person to focus on an enjoyable topic, develop an outline, and write the paper as the semester goes along. This paper is ultimately due on Tuesday, November 24; late papers must be penalized.  Early arrivals will benefit with bonus points.

 

Relative value for each of the varied opportunities to shine during the semester is as follows:

i.  Attendance, “A-A Notes, and In-class writing                            25%;

ii.  Mid-semester examination [October 20]                                   25%;

iii.  Research paper [due November 24]                                            25%;

iv.  Final examination [Tuesday, December 15 @ 9:00                                255.

 

 

IV.  Projected Schedule of Activities

 

Approx time on task           Lecture/Discussion               Readings

September 1                                      Introduction to the Aegean                       Time-lines; maps;GREEK

                                                                World; chronology; tributaries  language; nomenclature

September 3                                      Contributing sources to understand       Chadwick, Decipherment,

                                                                the Aegean Bronze Age; Crete                    vii – ix;  1  - 25

September 8                                      Communication/writing                               Decipherment 26 -100

September 10                                   Bronze Age interactions                               Decipherment 101-161

September 15                                    Homer’s “Heroic Age”                                    ILIAD  & ODYSSEY---

                                                                                                                                                Finley, World of Odysseus,

                                                                                                                                                vii – xxi;  5  -45

September 17, 22                             Aristocracy, community, the                       World of Odysseus, 46-146

                                                                POLIS, emergence from”Dark Age”                                                         

September 24                                    Homer and beyond                                         World of Odysseus, 147 195

September 29                                    The world of Herodotus                                Introduction [Penguin[, ix-

                                                                                                                                                xlv;  outline [pp.607-14]

October 1                                            contact with “other”: Persia                        Herodotus, I and II

October 6                                            Aegean troubles                                              Herodotus, III and IV

 

October 8                                            Ionian Revolt                                                     Herodotus, V and VI

 

October 12  13                                Break for Columbus Day

October 15                                          Attempt to gain revenge                              Herodotus, VII to IX

October 20                                          Mid-Semester Examination       

October 22                                          Imperialism at Athens and Spartan         Thucydides: introduction,

                                                                isolationism—outbreak of WAR               maps, “the Fifty Years”

October 27                                          Struggles within Hellas                 Thucydides, I

October 29                                          “School of Hellas”—Pericles                      Thucydides, II

November 3                                       Continuous difficulties                                 Thucydides, III to VI

November 5                                       Murky results                                                    Thucydides, VII –VIII

November 10                                    Post-war Hellas--indecision                        Xenophon, Persian

                                                                                                                                                Expedition, 1 – [51]

November 12                                    Key players for change                                  Plutarch, “Life of Agesi

                                                                                                                                                laus,” 25 – 68

November 17                                    Mercenaries to a means to escape         Xenophon, I and II

November 19                                    Struggles to survive                                        Xenophon III and IV

November 24                                    Onward to …”the Sea, the Sea!”                Xenophon V, VI, VII

November 25  through 29       Thanksgiving    Break

December 1                                       Troublesome warnings    Plutarch, “Demosthenes, 188-217

 

December 3                                       Alexander and a new era  Plutarch, “Alexander,” 252 – 334

December 8 and 10                         Art in the age of Alexander                         Havelock, Hellenistic

                                                                                                                                                Art, a myriad of images

December 15                                             Final  Examination                                                                                                                    

                                                                                               

                                                                                                                               


V.  A Select Bibliography on Ancient Hellas

(Citations with an asterisk (*) are of especial importance.)

 

Aristotle.  The Athenian Constitution.  Translated with introduction and notes by P. J. Rhodes. [“Penguin

                 Classics”] New York: Penguin Books, 1984.

 

_______.  The Politics.  Translated by Sir Ernest Barker; revised with an introduction and notes by R. F. Staley. [“Oxford World’s Classics”]  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

 

Barr, Stringfellow. The Will of Zeus: A History of Greece from the Origins of Hellenic Culture to the Death of Alexander. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1961.

 

*__________ . "Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age." National Geographic 172, no. 6 (1987), 693-733.

 

Bass, G., C. Pulak, D. Collon, and J. Weinstein. "The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign." AJA 93 (1989), 1-29.

 

* Bernal, M. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. 1: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985. New Brunswick, Nj, 1987.

 

__________ . Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West before 1400 B.C. Winona Lake, Ind., 1990.

 

Bickerman, E.J. Chronology of the Ancient World. (“Aspects of Greek and Roman Life”) Ithaca, 1968.

 

 

*Boardman, John, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray. The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. New York, 1991.

 

Browning, Peter, ed. The Greeks-Classical Byzantine and Modern. New York. 1985.

 

*Brunschwig, Jacques and Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, edd.  Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge.

          With the collaboration of Pierre Pellegrin. Translated under the direction of Catherine Porter.

          Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.

 

*Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. Translated by John Raffan. Cambridge, 1985.

 

__________. Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual. Berkeley, 1979.

 

__________. Greek Religion of the Archaic and Classical Periods. Cambridge, MA 1986.

 

Cartledge, Paul.  Spartan Reflections.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

 

_____________..  The Spartans: The World of the Warrior-Heroes of Ancient Greece, from Utopia to

                Crisis and Collapse.  Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press, 2003.

 

Castleden, Rodney.  Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete.  London: Routledge, 1993.

 

The Challenge of the Black Athena. Ed. J. Peradotto and Molly Myerowitz Levine. Arethusa, Special Issue, Fall 1989.

 

Childe, V. Gordon. The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory. New York, 1929.

 

*Classical World: SPECIAL ISSUE - THE WORLD OF TROY. (May/June 1998)

Articles: Deborah Boedeker, "Introduction"

D. F. Easton, "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?"

Susan Heuck Allen, "A Personal Sacrifice in the Interest of Science: Calvert, Schliemann, and the Troy Treasures"

James C. Wright, "The Place of Troy Among the Civilizations of the Bronze Age"

*Manfred Korfmann, "Troia, an Ancient Anatolian Palatial and Trading Center: Archaeological Evidence for the Period of Troia VINII"

Kurt A. Raaflaub, "Homer, the Trojan War, and History"

Charles Brian Rose, "Troy and the Historical Imagination".

 

Clagett, M.  Greek Science in Antiquity. New York, 1955.

 

Cline, E. H. and M. J. Cline. "Of Shoes and Ships and Sealing Wax: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Agean." Expedition 33 (1991),146-154.

 

Coldstream, J.N. Deities in Aegean Art. Inaugural Lecture, Bedford College. London, 1978.

__________. The Formation of the Greek Polis: Aristotle and Archaeology. Opladen, 1984.

 

Connor, W. Robert. The New Politician of Fifth-Century Athens. Princeton, 1971.

 

Cook, Erwin F. The Odyssey in Athens: Myths of Cultural Origins. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.

 

Cook, R.M. “Origins of Greek Sculpture.” JHS 87 (1967), 24-31.

 

Cottrell, Leonard.  Realms of Gold: A Journey in Search of the Mycenaeans. Greenwich, 1963.

 

______________.  The Bull of Minos.  Revised edition  London: Pan Books Ltd., 1955.

 

Crane, Gregory. The Blinded Eye: Thucydides and the New Written Word. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996.

 

Davidson, James N. Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens. New York, 1998.

 

Davies, J. K.  Democracy and Classical Greece.  Second edition.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. Press, 1993.

 

Desborough, V. "The Background to Euboean Participation in Early Greek Maritime Enterprise." In Tribute to an Antiquary: Essays Presented to Marc Fitch, ed. F. Emmison and R. Stephens, 27-40. London, 1976.

 

Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History, Washington, D.C., 1973.

 

__________. “Phoenicians, Carthage and the Spartan Eunomia.” AJP 100 (1979), 45-58.

 

DuBois, P. Centaurs and Amazons: Women in the Prehistory of the Great Chain of Being. Ann Arbor, MI 1982.

 

Edwards, R. Kadmos the Phoenician. A Study in Greek Legends and the Mycenaen Age. Amsterdam, 1979.

 

*Else, Gerald. The Origins and Early Form of Greek Tragedy. Cambridge, MA 1965.

 

Euben, J. Peter. “The Battle of Salamis and the Origins of Political Theory.” Political Theory 14 (1986) 359-90.

 

Finley, M. I., ed.   The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

 

Francis, E.D. “Greeks and Persians: The Art of Hazard and Triumph.” In Ancient Persia, 53-86.

 

__________. Image and Idea in Fifth-Century Athens: Art and Literature after the Persian Wars. London, 1990.

 

Francis E.D., and M. Vickers. "The Agora Revisited: Athenian Chronology c. 500-450 B.C." BSA 83 (1988), 143-63.

 

French, E.B. and K.A. Wardle, eds. Problems in Greek History, 1988.

 

Gagarin, Michael and Paul Woodruff (edd., trr.). Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

 

Gordon, C. H. "Homer and the Bible: The Origin and Character of East Mediterranean Literature." Hebrew Union College Manual 26 (1955), 43-108.

 

Graham, James Walter. The Palaces of Crete. Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1972.

 

Greek Art: Archaic into Classical. Papers presented at a symposium held at the University of Cincinnati, April 2-3, 1985. Ed. C. Boulter. Cincinnati Classical Studies 5. Leiden, 1985.

 

Habicht, Christian. Athens From Alexander to Antony. Translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Hägg, R. and D. Konsola. Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization, 1986.

 

Hägg, R. and N. Marinatos, eds. The Function of the Minoan Palaces, 1987.

 

*Hale, John R.  Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy.

        New York: Viking, 2009.

 

Hall, E. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford. 1989.

 

Hallett, C.H. “The Origins of the Classical Style in Sculpture.: JHS 106 (1987), 71-84.

 

Hanson, Victor Davis. The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization.

        New York: The Free Press, 1995.

 

________ and John Heath. Who Killed Homer?: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom. New York, 1998.

 

Harrison, E. B. "The Composition of the Amazons on the Shield of the Athena Parthenos." Hesperia 35 (1966), 1 07-33.

 

__________. “The Nike Temple Frieze and the Marathon Painting in the Painted Stoa.” AJA 76 (1972), 353-78.

 

__________. “Preparations for Marathon, The Niobid Painter and Herodotus.” ArtB 54 (1972), 390-402.

 

__________. "The Iconography of the Eponymous Heroes on the Parthenon and in the Athenian Agora.: In Greek Numismatics and Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson, ed. O. M0rkholm and N. Waggoner, 71-85. Wetteren, 1979.

 

Hartog, F. The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History. Trans. J. Lloyd.  The New Historicism. Studies in Cultural Poetics 5. Berkeley, 1988.

 

Herington, J. Poetry into Drama: Early Tragedy and the Greek Poetic Tradition. Berkeley, 1985.

 

Hodges, R. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade A.D. 600-1000. London, 1987.

 

* * Hornblower, Simon and Anthony Spawforth, ed. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

 

*Homer. Iliad. Translated by Stanley Lombardo. Introduction by Sheila Murnaghan. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Co., Inc., 1997.

 

Householder, F., and G. Nagy. Greek: A Survey of Recent Work. The Hague, 1972.

 

Hunter, Virginia. Thucydides: The Artful Reporter. Toronto, 1973.

 

Hussey, E. "Thucydidean History and Democritean Theory," in Harvey, F.D., Cartledge, P.A. eds., Crux: Essays in Greek History Presented to G.E.M. de Ste. Croix on His 75th Birthday, Exeter and London, (1985), 118-138.

 

Immerwahr, H. “Ergon: History as a Monument in Herodotus and Thycydides.” AJP 81 (1960), 261-90.

 

__________. Form and Thought in Herodotus. American Philological Association Monographs 23. Cleveland, 1966.

 

Jacobsen, T.W. “The Beginning of Settled Village Life in Greece,” Hesperia 50 (1981), 303-318.

 

_________. “17,000 Years of Greek Prehistory,” Scientific American 234 (1976), 76-87.

 

Jacoby, F. Atthis: The Local Chronicles of Ancient Athens, Oxford, 1947.

 

Jeffrey, Lilian Hamilton. The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of The Origin of The Greek Alphabet and Its Development From The Eighth to The Fifth Centuries B. C. Oxford, 1961.

 

Jones, Nicholas F.   Politics and Society in Ancient Greece. [“Praeger Series on the Ancient World”]

          Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008.

 

Kagan, Donald.  Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy.   New York: The Free Press, 1991.

 

Kebric, Robert B. Greek People. Third Edition. California, 2001.

 

Lang, M. “Herodotus and the Ionian Revolt.” Historia 17 (1968), 24-36.

 

Lefkandi I: The Iron Age. Ed. M.R. Popham, L.H. Sackett, and P.G. Themelis. BSA suppl. 11. London, 1979.

 

*Lefkowitz, Mary. Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. New York:  A New Republic Book/Basic Books, 1996.

 

*Ling, Roger. The Greek World. (“The Making of the Past”) New York, 1990.

 

Loraux, N. The Invention of Athens: The Funeral Oration in the Classical City. Trans. A. Sheridan. Cambridge, MA,1986.

 

*Manguel, Alberto.  Homer’s The Iliad and the Odyssey: A Biography.  [“Books That Changed the World”]  New York: Grove Press, 2007.

        

 

*Manning, Stuart, "The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera," Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1, (1988), 17-82. (See especially Table lOon page 56.)

 

Matheson, Susan B. Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996.

 

The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth or Reality? Ed. R. Hägg and N. Marinatos. Stockholm, 1984.

 

Morris, S. The Black and White Style: Athens and Aigina in the Orientalizing Period. Yale Classical Monographs 6. New Haven, 1984.

 

__________. “Daidalos and Kadmos: Classicism and ‘Orientalism.’” In The Challenge of Black Athena, 39-54.

 

__________. “Greece and the Levant.” JMA 3, no. 1 (1990), 57-66.

 

Muhly, J. "Homer and the Phoenicians: The Relations between Greece and the Near East in the Late Bronze

      and Early Iron Ages." Berytus 19 (1970), 19-64.

 

Murray, Oswyn.  Early Greece. Second edition.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

 

*Myres, John L. Who Were the Greeks? Berkeley, 1930.

 

*Nagy, Gregory. The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Baltimore, 1979.

 

__________. Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

 

Nilsson, M. The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology. Rev. Ed. Berkeley, 1972.

 

Ostwald, Martin.  Language and History in Ancient Greek Culture.  Philadelphia: University of

          Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

 

Parry, M. The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. Ed. A. Parry. Oxford, 1987.

 

Politt, J.J. Art and Experience in Classical Greece. Cambridge, 1972.

 

__________. The Ancient View of Greek Art: Criticism, History and Terminology. Yale Publications in the History of Art 26. New Haven, 1974.

Popham, M.R., E. Touloupa, and L.H. Sackett, “The Hero of Lefkandi,” Antiquity 5, (1982), 169-174.

 

*Redfield, James. Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector. Chicago. 1975.

 

Renfrew, C., and others. The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi. BA suppl. 18. London, 1985.

 

Richter, G. M.A. Korai: Archaic Greek Maidens. A Study of the Development of the Kore Type in Greek Sculpture. New York, 1968.

 

__________. Kouroi: A Study of the Greek Kouros Type from the Late Seventh to the Early Fifth Century B.C. 3d ed. New York, 1970.

 

Ridgeway, b. The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture. Princeton, 1970.

 

__________. The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture. Princeton, 1977.

 

*Robertson, Martin. A History of Greek Art. 2 vols. Cambridge, 1977.

 

Roisman, J. “On Phrynichos’ Sack of Miletus and Phoinissai.” Eranos 86 (1988), 15-23.

 

Rood, Tim.  The Sea! The Sea! The Shout of the Ten Thousand in the Modern Imagination.   London:

          Duckworth Overlook, 2005.

 

Rosivach. V. “Autochthony and the Athenians.” CQ27 (1987), 294-306.

 

Saxon house, A. "Myths and the Origins of Cities: Reflections on the Autochthony Theme in Euripides' Ion." In Greek Tragedy and Political Theory, 252-73.

 

Scheid, John and Jesper Svenbro. The Craft of Zeus: Myths of Weaving and Fabric. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.

 

Schoder, S.J., Raymond V.  Masterpieces of Greek Art.  Second edition.  Greenwich, CT:  New

          York Graphic Society, 1965.

 

____________________.  Wings Over Hellas: Ancient Greece from the Air.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.

 

*Scranton, Robert L. Greek Architecture. ("The Great Ages of World Architecture") New York, George Braziller, 1967.

de Selincourt, Aubrey.  The World of Herodotus  Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962.

 

Shay, Jonathan. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York, 1994.

 

Starr, Chester G. The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History. New York, 1989.

 

Stillwell, Richard, William L. MacDonald, and Marian Holland McAllister, eds. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. New Jersey, 1976.

 

Strassler, Robert B., ed.  The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. . . New York: Pantheon Books, 2007.

 

___________________.  The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War.

        New York: The Free Press, 1996.

 

Strauss, Barry.  The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter that Saved Greece—and Western Civilization.

        New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.

 

Talbert, Richard J.A., Ed. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. NJ: Princeton University Press (N.D.

).

Tandy, David W.  Warriors into Traders: The Power of the Market in Early Greece.  [“Classics and Contemporary

                Thought”]  Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

 

Trump, D. H.  The Prehistory of the Mediterranean.  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980.

 

* (Trustees of the British Museum). An Historical Guide to the Sculptures of the Parthenon. Preface by D. E. L.

Haynes, London: The British Museum, 1965.

 

*Vermeule, E. Greece in the Bronze Age. Rev. Ed. Chicago, 1972.               J.  P.  CONLEY

 

__________. Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry. Berkeley, 1979.    Department of CLASSICS