Citing Electronic Resources

Landmarks citation machine <http://citationmachine.net/> -- David Warlick's Landmarks for Schools Web site offers a free online tool, called Citation Machine that produces proper citations in both MLA and APA formats.  Students can open, select the type of resource they want to cite, enter the "raw" information requested (author, publisher, etc.), and then click on Make Citations.

Compilation of Citations of Electronic Resources <http://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/BU113/citation_electr_references.htm> -- by Christine Bauer-Ramazani, based on APA sources, with examples for Foundations of Business Administration class

Documenting Electronic Sources in Specific Disciplines

Two main documentation styles used in the USA are MLA (the Modern Language Association) and APA (the American Psychological Association). The MLA style is used in the humanities, and the APA in the natural and social sciences.

For the APA style, try these pages:

The American Psychological Association's Citing Electronic Sources Guide <http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html>

The American Psychological Association's Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style <http://www.apa.org/journals/faq.html>
 OWL's Using APA format <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/print/research/PDFs/r_docelectric.pdf>
Bedford St. Martin's Online! Using APA Style to Cite and Document Sources <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html>
The University of Alberta's Citation Style Guides for Internet and Electronic Sources
<http://www.library.ualberta.ca/guides/citation/index.cfm#APA>
Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey's APA Style Electronic Formats <http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html>
References, APA Style: Quick Guide--How to use it <http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/apa.pdf>
Citing the Internet and Electronic Information: Using APA Style <http://www.snc.edu/library/guides/apacite.htm> -- St. Norbert College Library's guide
Citing Internet and Electronic Sources <http://academics.smcvt.edu/sburks/citing_internet.htm> -- Steve Burks, Reference/Instruction Librarian at Saint Michael's College; other citation guides -- http://www2.smcvt.edu/library/ready_reference/index.htm#Citation_Guides

For MLA citations, check out these pages:

The Modern Language Association's page on citing sources from the World Wide Web (NOT WORKING ON 4/21/06)
OWL's MLA Format: Giving Credit to Sources  <http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html>
Bedford St. Martin's Online! Using MLA Style to Cite and Document Sources <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite5.html>
 Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey's MLA Style: Electronic Formats <http://www.westwords.com/guffey/mla.html>
 Middlebury's Citing Electronic Sources-- MLA <http://www.middlebury.edu/academics/lis/lib/guides_and_tutorials/style_citation_guides/mla_style_guides/cite_e-sources_mla.htm>

For other discipline-specific styles, check out these sites:

Anthropology: University of South Dakota's Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers <http://www.usd.edu/anth/handbook/bib.htm>
 Biology/CBE Style:Bedford St. Martin's Online!'s Using CBE Style to Cite and Document Sources <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite8.html>
Chicago Style (used by many disciplines): Bedford St. Martin's Online!'s Using Chicago Style to Cite and Document Sources <http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html>
Engineering and Sciences: Virginia Tech offers a guide for engineering and science students <http://fbox.vt.edu/eng/mech/writing/> that covers formatting, citing sources, and other elements of style.
Government Publications: University of Memphis Libraries' Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications <http://www.lib.memphis.edu/gpo/citeweb.htm>

History (see also Chicago style):

Melvin E. Page's essay on A Brief Citation Guide for Internet Sources in History and the Humanities <http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/%7Eafrica/citation.html>

Maurice Crouse's Citing Electronic Information in History Papers <http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html>

Legal Writing: The State Bar of Michigan's Citation of Legal and Nonlegal Electronic Database Information <http://www.michbar.org/publications/citation.htm> Page.
Medicine: The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines <http://jama.ama-assn.org/info/auinst_req.html>include information about citing electronic sources.
Political Science: APSA Documentation <http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPSA.html> from the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Writing Center
Sociology: The Cal State L.A. Libraries' ASA Style Guide contains electronic citation formats. <http://www.calstatela.edu/library/bi/rsalina/asa.styleguide.html>

Additional Guides to Citing Electronic Sources

The Columbia Guide to Online Style <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html> -- covers both humanities-based and scientific-based disciplinary citation styles.
Como citar recursos electronicos <http://www.ub.es/biblio/citae-e.htm> -- a guide to citing online resources in Spanish.
The Library of Congress guide to How to Cite Electronic Sources <http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/cite/index.html> -- explains how to cite different types of media available online, including films, pictures, legal documents, and reproductions of texts.
ISO's (International Organization for Standardization) Excerpts from International Standard ISO 690-2   <http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/cite/index.html> --  covers a standardized style for citing electronic sources.
The University of Memphis Libraries have information about citing electronic sources in different disciplines <http://www.lib.memphis.edu/instr/style.htm>
The University of Wisconsin maintains a list of electronic sources guides <http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/Memorial/citing.htm> organized by discipline, plus general resources.
Wright State University Libraries <http://www.libraries.wright.edu/libnet/referen/citation.html> have a list of guides for formatting in most of the major formats.
Lynch, Patrick J., &  Horton, Sarah (1999)  Web Style Guide: Basic Design Principles for Creating Web Sites.  New Haven: Yale University Press.  This edition is available in it entirety online at: http://www.info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/
Horton, Sarah (2000).  Web Teaching Guide: A Practical Approach to Creating Course Web Sites. New Haven: Yale University Press). excerpts available at http://www.webteachingguide.com/
Dartmouth College's web teaching site: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~webteach/

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Last Updated: January 27, 2008
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